From the perspective of complex systems, the study reveals the universality, specificity, and explanatory power of underlying rules governing urban system evolution. An international team from the ...

Getting to the heart of causality is central to understanding the world around us. What causes one variable — be it a biological species, a voting region, a company stock, or a local climate — to ...

A new suggestion that complexity increases over time, not just in living organisms but in the nonliving world, promises to rewrite notions of time and evolution. In 1950 the Italian physicist Enrico ...

Ragnar van der Merwe received funding from the John Templeton Foundation as part of the project The Evolution of Complexity hosted at Bath University. Alex Broadbent received funding from the John ...

Analysing human societies as complex systems can provide an insight into historical processes and the strengths and weaknesses of capitalism. Analysing human societies as complex systems can provide ...